Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors (HFMBRs) are efficient systems widely applied in industrial processes. Their exceptional design, characterized by multitude of hollow fibers serving as both a filtration medium and a matrix for microbial growth, promotes high-performance biotransformation. HFMBRs of

The robustness of Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane bioreactors in treating domestic wastewater has been a subject of extensive research. These membrane systems offer distinct strengths such as high removal rates for pollutants, compact footprint, and the ability to produce reusable water. Thi